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The Putnam model is an empirical software effort estimation model [1] created by Lawrence H. Putnam in 1978. Measurements of a software project is collected (e.g., effort in man-years, elapsed time, and lines of code) and an equation fitted to the data using regression analysis .
Software researchers and practitioners have been addressing the problems of effort estimation for software development projects since at least the 1960s; see, e.g., work by Farr [8] [9] and Nelson. [10] Most of the research has focused on the construction of formal software effort estimation models.
Cost estimation in software engineering is typically concerned with the financial spend on the effort to develop and test the software, this can also include requirements review, maintenance, training, managing and buying extra equipment, servers and software. Many methods have been developed for estimating software costs for a given project.
The Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) is a procedural software cost estimation model developed by Barry W. Boehm. The model parameters are derived from fitting a regression formula using data from historical projects (63 projects for COCOMO 81 and 163 projects for COCOMO II).
The model then provides as output various resources requirements in cost and time. Some models concentrate only on estimating project costs (often a single monetary value). Little attention has been given to the development of models for estimating the amount of resources needed for the different elements that comprise a project. [1]
SEER for Software (SEER-SEM) is composed of a group of models working together to provide estimates of effort, duration, staffing, and defects. These models can be briefly described by the questions they answer: Sizing. How large is the software project being estimated (Lines of Code, Function Points, Use Cases, etc.) Technology.
Cost Estimating is an approximation of the cost of all resources needed to complete activities. Cost budgeting aggregating the estimated costs of resources, work packages and activities to establish a cost baseline. Cost Control – factors that create cost fluctuation and variance can be influenced and controlled using various cost management ...
A cost estimate is often used to establish a budget as the cost constraint for a project or operation. In project management, project cost management is a major functional division. Cost estimating is one of three activities performed in project cost management. [3] In cost engineering, cost estimation is a basic activity. A cost engineering ...