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Women are also less likely to be encouraged to run for office, which can reduce the likelihood of moving from being an aspirant to an actual candidate. [16] The lack of equal representation for women also creates shortcomings in the availability of role models for aspirant candidates, which can be particularly detrimental for women of color. [17]
Lack of preparation for political activity: An aftereffect of political socialization is that it determines how inclined women are to pursue careers that may be compatible with formal politics. Careers in law, business, education, and government, professions in which women happen to be minorities, are common occupations for those that later ...
In the U.S. political sphere, misogynoir has led to the lack of Black women in politics. The number of Black elected officials has increased since 1965, however Black people remain underrepresented at all levels of government. Black women make up less than 3% of U.S. representatives and there were no Black women in the U.S. Senate as late as 2007.
For instance, female politicians may emphasize healthcare, education, and family welfare policies, while men may prioritize defense, security, and economic growth. Such gender gaps can result in a lack of representation for women in political decision-making, leading to imbalances in power and influence. [29]
Historically, women have been underrepresented in politics compared to men. Women's rights movements, such as feminism, have addressed the marginalization of women in politics. [18] Despite traditional doubts concerning female leadership, women have governed for at least a year in about one in four countries since 1960. [19]
Hanna Fenichel Pitkin argues that these views of political representation give an inadequate account of political representation because they lack an account both of how representatives "act for" the represented and the normative criteria for judging representative's actions.
Furthermore, political representation for Native American women remains limited, with few holding elected office compared to other demographic groups. [6] However, efforts to increase voter turnout in Native communities, improve representation in political bodies, and address the systemic barriers to participation are ongoing. [6]
A gender gap in voting typically refers to the difference in the percentage of men and women who vote for a particular candidate. [1] It is calculated by subtracting the percentage of women supporting a candidate from the percentage of men supporting a candidate (e.g., if 55 percent of men support a candidate and 44 percent of women support the same candidate, there is an 11-point gender gap).