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This is due to the Euclid–Euler theorem, partially proved by Euclid and completed by Leonhard Euler: even numbers are perfect if and only if they can be expressed in the form 2 p−1 × (2 p − 1), where 2 p − 1 is a Mersenne prime. In other words, all numbers that fit that expression are perfect, while all even perfect numbers fit that form.
A cluster prime is a prime p such that every even natural number k ≤ p − 3 is the ... Primes p that divide 2 n − 1, for some prime number n. 3, 7, 23, 31, 47 ...
A number where some but not all prime factors have multiplicity above 1 is neither square-free nor squareful. The Liouville function λ(n) is 1 if Ω(n) is even, and is -1 if Ω(n) is odd. The Möbius function μ(n) is 0 if n is not square-free. Otherwise μ(n) is 1 if Ω(n) is even, and is −1 if Ω(n) is odd.
Number of ways to write an even number n as the sum of two primes (sequence A002375 in the OEIS) A very crude version of the heuristic probabilistic argument (for the strong form of the Goldbach conjecture) is as follows. The prime number theorem asserts that an integer m selected at random has roughly a 1 / ln m chance of being prime.
The Euclid–Euler theorem states that an even natural number is perfect if and only if it has the form 2 p−1 M p, where M p is a Mersenne prime. [1] The perfect number 6 comes from p = 2 in this way, as 2 2−1 M 2 = 2 × 3 = 6, and the Mersenne prime 7 corresponds in the same way to the perfect number 28.
Doubly even numbers are those with ν 2 (n) > 1, i.e., integers of the form 4m. In this terminology, a doubly even number may or may not be divisible by 8, so there is no particular terminology for "triply even" numbers in pure math, although it is used in children's teaching materials including higher multiples such as "quadruply even." [3]
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