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CRISPR gene editing technology in humans has the potential to cause profound social impacts, [112] such as in the long-term prevention of diseases in humans. [113] However, He's human experiments raised ethical concerns the effect are unknown on future generations. [112]
Immunogenicity, off-target effects, mutations, delivery systems, and ethical issues are the main challenges that CRISPR technology faces. The safety concerns, ethical considerations, and the potential for misuse underscore the need for careful and responsible exploration of these technologies. [ 50 ]
In April 2015, a research team published an unsuccessful experiment in which they used CRISPR to edit a gene that is associated with blood disease in non-living human embryos. researchers using CRISPR/Cas9 have run into issues when it comes to mammals due to their complex diploid cells. Studies in microorganisms have examined loss of function ...
There are still unresolved issues like off-target effects, in which the CRISPR technology edits genes that look like the ones they are meant to cut, but aren’t, and mosaicism, in which only part ...
The major hurdles coming in the clinical applications are ethical issues and the transport system to the target site. As the units of CRISPR system taken from bacteria, when they are transferred to host cells it produces an immune response against them. Physical, chemical, viral vectors are used as vehicles to deliver the complex into the host.
CRISPR gene editing is a revolutionary technology that allows for precise, targeted modifications to the DNA of living organisms. Developed from a natural defense mechanism found in bacteria, CRISPR-Cas9 is the most commonly used system, that allows "cutting" of DNA at specific locations and either delete, modify, or insert genetic material.
Off-target genome editing refers to nonspecific and unintended genetic modifications that can arise through the use of engineered nuclease technologies such as: clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats ()-Cas9, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (), meganucleases, and zinc finger nucleases (ZFN). [1]
Following surprisingly fast advances in CRISPR editing, an international summit proclaimed [clarification needed] in December 2015 that it was "irresponsible" to proceed with human gene editing until issues in safety and efficacy were addressed. [30]