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At midnight on 9 July 2011, southern Sudan became an independent country under the name "Republic of South Sudan". [21] On 14 July 2011, South Sudan became the 193rd member state of the United Nations [22] [23] and on 28 July 2011, South Sudan joined the African Union as its 54th member state. [24]
A referendum took place in Southern Sudan from 9 to 15 January 2011, [1] on whether the region should remain a part of Sudan or become independent. [2] [3] [4] The referendum was one of the consequences of the 2005 Naivasha Agreement between the Khartoum central government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M).
The South Sudanese wars of independence was the armed struggle for autonomy or independence of South Sudan from Sudan. Rebels in southern Sudan fought for greater self-determination against the central government of Sudan, which tried to suppress the uprising using the army and allied militias.
South Sudan (/ s uː ˈ d ɑː n,-ˈ d æ n /), officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in East Africa. [16] It is bordered on the north by Sudan; on the east by Ethiopia; on the south by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and Kenya; and on the west by the Central African Republic. South Sudan's diverse ...
In September 2012, Sudan and South Sudan agreed a deal on border security and oil production to permit oil exports from South Sudan through Sudan to continue. [4] In May 2013, Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir threatened again to block oil transits via Sudan if South Sudan continued to support insurgents in South Kordofan and Darfur. [5]
As of 2015 42 percent of South Sudan's budget is allocated to military and security expenditures. In the same year, only 35 percent of the teachers in South Sudan had a primary-level of education. [66] An additional obstacles students face is the forced recruitment into armed militias and state military.
The Addis Ababa Agreement's establishment of the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region gave a degree of autonomy to the south. [3] It meant southern Sudan would no longer be divided into the three separate regions Al-Istiwāʾiyyah , Baḥr al-Ghazāl, and Aʿālī al-Nīl . The region would run itself through a separate legislative and executive body.
In 2005, the Comprehensive Peace Agreement led to a resolution of some of the armed conflict in Sudan, including the 2011 South Sudanese independence referendum and the secession of South Sudan. The 2006 Abuja and 2011 Doha Darfur Peace Agreements aimed to resolve the conflict in Darfur.