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Common side effects include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and an increased risk of sunburn. [1] Use during pregnancy is not recommended. [1] Like other agents of the tetracycline class, it either slows or kills bacteria by inhibiting protein production. [1] [4] It kills malaria by targeting a plastid organelle, the apicoplast. [5] [6]
Dirofilaria immitis, also known as heartworm or dog heartworm, is a parasitic roundworm that is a type of filarial worm, a small thread-like worm, and which causes dirofilariasis. It is spread from host to host through the bites of mosquitoes. Four genera of mosquitoes transmit dirofilariasis, Aedes, Culex, Anopheles, and Mansonia. [2]
Side-effects from tetracyclines are not common, but of particular note is phototoxicity. It increases the risk of sunburn under exposure to light from the sun or other sources. This may be of particular importance for those intending to take on vacations long-term doxycycline as a malaria prophylaxis.
Angiostrongylus vasorum, also known as French heartworm, is a species of parasitic nematode in the family Metastrongylidae. It causes the disease canine angiostrongylosis in dogs. It is not zoonotic, that is, it cannot be transmitted to humans. Not much is known about the biology of this species. [2]
In the human host, Loa loa larvae migrate to the subcutaneous tissue, where they mature into adult worms in approximately one year, but sometimes up to four years. Adult worms migrate in the subcutaneous tissues at a speed of less than 1 cm/min, mating and producing more microfilariae. The adult worms can live up to 17 years in the human host. [5]
Oxytetracycline, like other tetracyclines, is used to treat many infections, both common and rare.Its better absorption profile makes it preferable to tetracycline for moderately severe acne at a dosage of 250–500 mg four times a day for usually six to eight weeks at a time, but alternatives should be sought if no improvement occurs by three months.
Outside of insects, Wolbachia infects a variety of isopod species, spiders, mites, and many species of filarial nematodes (a type of parasitic worm), including those causing onchocerciasis (river blindness) and elephantiasis in humans, as well as heartworms in dogs.
The positive effects of parasitic worms are theorized to be a result of millions of years of evolution, when humans and human ancestors would have been constantly inhabited by parasitic worms. [9] In the journal EMBO Reports , Rook says that such helminths "are all either things that really do us no harm, or things where the immune system is ...