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  2. Goethite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethite

    The mineral forms prismatic needle-like crystals ("needle ironstone" [3]) but is more typically massive. [2] Feroxyhyte and lepidocrocite are both polymorphs of the iron oxyhydroxide FeO(OH) which are stable at the pressure and temperature conditions of the Earth's surface. Although they have the same chemical formula as goethite, their ...

  3. Asterism (gemology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterism_(gemology)

    Asterism on the surface of a blue star sapphire. A purple-pink star sapphire displaying asterism in a platinum ring.. An asterism (from Ancient Greek ἀστήρ (astḗr) 'star' and -ism) is a star-shaped concentration of light reflected or refracted from a gemstone.

  4. Aventurine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventurine

    Chrome-bearing fuchsite (a variety of muscovite mica) is the classic inclusion and gives a silvery green or blue sheen. Oranges and browns are attributed to hematite or goethite . Because aventurine is a rock , its physical properties vary: its specific gravity may lie between 2.64–2.69 and its hardness is somewhat lower than single-crystal ...

  5. Acicular (crystal habit) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acicular_(crystal_habit)

    Acicular, in mineralogy, refers to a crystal habit composed of slender, needle-like crystals. Crystals with this habit tend to be fragile. Complete, undamaged acicular specimens are uncommon. Needle-shaped acicular millerite crystals on white quartz. The term "acicular" derives from the Late Latin "acicula" meaning "little needle". [1]

  6. Rutilated quartz - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutilated_quartz

    Rutilated quartz is a variety of quartz which contains acicular (needle-like) inclusions of rutile. [1] It is used for gemstones. These inclusions mostly look golden, but they also can appear silver, copper red or black.

  7. Luminescence dating - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminescence_dating

    The natural minerals that are measured are usually either quartz or potassium feldspar sand-sized grains, or unseparated silt-sized grains. There are advantages and disadvantages to using each. For quartz, blue or green excitation wavelengths are normally used and the near ultra-violet emission is measured (Anti-Stokes shift). For potassium ...

  8. Egyptian faience - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_faience

    Egyptian faience is a non-clay based ceramic composed of crushed quartz or sand, with small amounts of calcite lime and a mixture of alkalis, displaying surface vitrification due to the soda lime silica glaze often containing copper pigments to create a bright blue-green luster. [7]

  9. Quartz - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz

    Quartz is, therefore, classified structurally as a framework silicate mineral and compositionally as an oxide mineral. Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in Earth's continental crust, behind feldspar. [10] Quartz exists in two forms, the normal α-quartz and the high-temperature β-quartz, both of which are chiral. The transformation ...