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On October 2, 1901, a former milk wagon horse named Jim showed signs that he had contracted tetanus and was euthanized. He was used to produce serum containing diphtheria antitoxin (antibodies against diphtheria toxin). Jim produced over 30 US quarts (7.5 US gallons; 28.5 litres) of diphtheria antitoxin in his career.
Side effects are common. [3] They include serum sickness and allergic reactions including anaphylaxis. [2] Diphtheria antitoxin is made from the blood plasma of horses that have been immunized against diphtheria toxin. [1] It works by neutralizing the toxins produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. [1]
Tetanus vaccine, also known as tetanus toxoid (TT), is a toxoid vaccine used to prevent tetanus. [2] During childhood, five doses are recommended, with a sixth given during adolescence. [2] After three doses, almost everyone is initially immune, [2] but additional doses every ten years are recommended to maintain immunity. [3]
Anti-tetanus immunoglobulin, also known as tetanus immune globulin (TIG) and tetanus antitoxin, is a medication made up of antibodies against the tetanus toxin. [1] It is used to prevent tetanus in those who have a wound that is at high risk, have not been fully vaccinated with tetanus toxoid , or have HIV/AIDS .
According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, while "any vaccine can cause side effects", [11] most side effects are minor, primarily including sore arms or a mild fever. [11] Unlike most medical interventions vaccines are given to healthy people, where the risk of side effects is not as easily outweighed by the benefit of ...
In children under the age of seven, the tetanus vaccine is often administered as a combined vaccine, DPT/DTaP vaccine, which also includes vaccines against diphtheria and pertussis. For adults and children over seven, the Td vaccine (tetanus and diphtheria) or Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis) is commonly used. [43]
A spokesperson added: “The noseband check includes a physical check by the steward to guarantee that the noseband is fitted properly and is not having an adverse effect on the horse.
In 1897, Edmond Nocard showed that tetanus antitoxin induced passive immunity in humans, and could be used for prophylaxis and treatment. [6] In World War I, injection of tetanus antiserum from horses was widely used as a prophylaxis against tetanus in wounded soldiers, leading to a dramatic decrease in tetanus cases over the course of the war. [9]
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