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Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), or riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B 2) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as the prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases, including NADH dehydrogenase, as well as a cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors. [1]
The FMN riboswitch (also known as RFN element) is a highly conserved RNA element which is naturally occurring, and is found frequently in the 5'-untranslated regions of prokaryotic mRNAs that encode for flavin mononucleotide (FMN) biosynthesis and transport proteins.
There are 18 key atoms in isoalloxazine that make up its characteristic three-ring structure. The R-group varies and differentiates various flavins. Riboflavin. Flavins (from Latin flavus, "yellow") refers generally to the class of organic compounds containing the tricyclic heterocycle isoalloxazine or its isomer alloxazine, and derivatives thereof.
The oxidation states are also maintained in articles of the elements (of course), and systematically in the table {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state}} See also [ edit ]
The flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) protein family specializes in the oxidation of xeno-substrates in order to facilitate the excretion of these compounds from living organisms. [1] These enzymes can oxidize a wide array of heteroatoms , particularly soft nucleophiles , such as amines , sulfides , and phosphites .
90 flavoproteins are encoded in the human genome; about 84% require FAD and around 16% require FMN, whereas 5 proteins require both. [4] Flavoproteins are mainly located in the mitochondria . [ 4 ] Of all flavoproteins, 90% perform redox reactions and the other 10% are transferases , lyases , isomerases , ligases .
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Riboflavin is converted into catalytically active cofactors (FAD and FMN) by the actions of riboflavin kinase (EC 2.7.1.26), which converts it into FMN, and FAD synthetase (EC 2.7.7.2), which adenylates FMN to FAD. Eukaryotes usually have two separate enzymes, while most prokaryotes have a single bifunctional protein that can carry out both ...