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The English term gypsy or gipsy [16] is commonly used to indicate Romani people, [17] and use of the word gipsy in modern-day English is pervasive (and is a legal term under English law—see below), and some Romani organizations use it in their own organizational names, particularly in the United Kingdom.
The name Atsinganoi was used to refer to itinerant fortune tellers, ventriloquists, and wizards who visited emperor Constantine IX in the year 1054. [ 29 ] Roma skeletal remains exhumed from Castle Mall in Norwich, UK, have been radiocarbon-dated by liquid scintillation spectrometry to circa 930–1050AD.
[89] [90] [91] The attendees of the first World Romani Congress in 1971 unanimously voted to reject the use of all exonyms for the Roma, including "Gypsy". [92] However, it is the group's common name amongst Romani people in the United Kingdom. [93] Romani slaves were first shipped to the Americas with Columbus in 1498. [94]
Romanichal residing in England, Scotland, and Wales are part of the Gypsy (Romani), Roma, and Traveller community. [2] Genetic, cultural and linguistic findings indicate that the Romani people can trace their origins to Northern India. [3] [4] [5]
In Moldavia, Gypsy slaves were first mentioned in 1428 when Alexander I awarded 31 Gypsy families to the Bistrița Monastery. [134] In time Gypsies became specialized in several crafts: for example, throughout the Middle Ages the working of iron was an occupation reserved almost exclusively for them. [233]
A vardo (also Romani wag(g)on, Gypsy wagon, living wagon, caravan, van and house-on-wheels) is a four-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle traditionally used by travelling Romanichal as their home. [ 1 ] : 89–90, 168 [ 2 ] : 138 The name v ardo is a Romani term believed to have originated from the Ossetic wærdon meaning cart or carriage. [ 3 ]
Scottish Romani are the Romani people of Scotland. This includes Romanichal (locally also known as Border Gypsies) and Lowland Romani (Lowland Gypsies). [1]Scottish Travellers are non-Romani groups indigenous to Scotland who live or traditionally lived a nomadic lifestyle, including Scottish Highland Travellers, Scottish Lowland Travellers and Showmen (Funfair Travellers).
Romani dress is the traditional attire of the Romani people, widely known in English by the exonymic slur Gypsies. [a] Romani traditional clothing is closely connected to the history, culture and identity of the Roma people.