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Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is a technique for the determination of the surface structure of single-crystalline materials by bombardment with a collimated beam of low-energy electrons (30–200 eV) [1] and observation of diffracted electrons as spots on a fluorescent screen. LEED may be used in one of two ways:
LEED has evolved since 1998 to more accurately represent and incorporate emerging green building technologies. LEED has developed building programs specific to new construction (NC), core and shell (CS), commercial interiors (CI), existing buildings (EB), neighborhood development (ND), homes (LEED for Homes), retail, schools, and healthcare.
For example, the IgCC is focused specifically on construction, whereas LEED covers the entire lifecycle of a building, including its operation and maintenance. Additionally, the IgCC is a model code, which means that it has the force of law in jurisdictions that adopt it, whereas LEED is a voluntary certification program that developers choose ...
In March 1992, BSI published the world's first environmental management systems standard, BS 7750, as part of a response to growing concerns about the environment. [4] BS 7750 supplied the template for the development of the ISO 14000 series in March 1996, by ISO.
Unlike many green building rating systems, these frameworks are not prescriptive checklists. Instead they are conceptual and meant to guide dialogue throughout the design process. They should not be used exclusively rather in conjunction with existing green building rating systems such as LEED , BREEAM or Living Building Challenge .
Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) has its origins in Scotland and the United States and has been used in one form or another since the 1960s. Preiser and colleagues define POE as "the process of evaluating buildings in a systematic and rigorous manner after they have been built and occupied for some time".
Designing a building according to LEED guidelines while incorporating smart home technology can help save a lot of energy and money in the long run. [9] Passive solar design techniques can be applied most easily to new buildings, but existing buildings can be retrofitted.
EMAS logo. Eco-Management and Audit Scheme or Environmental Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) is an international standard for environment management systems.It was developed in March 1993 by European Commission.