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Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is a technique for the determination of the surface structure of single-crystalline materials by bombardment with a collimated beam of low-energy electrons (30–200 eV) [1] and observation of diffracted electrons as spots on a fluorescent screen. LEED may be used in one of two ways:
For example, the IgCC is focused specifically on construction, whereas LEED covers the entire lifecycle of a building, including its operation and maintenance. Additionally, the IgCC is a model code, which means that it has the force of law in jurisdictions that adopt it, whereas LEED is a voluntary certification program that developers choose ...
The Living Building Challenge is an international sustainable building certification program created in 2006. It is managed by the non-profit International Living Future Institute. [1]
LEED has evolved since 1998 to more accurately represent and incorporate emerging green building technologies. LEED has developed building programs specific to new construction (NC), core and shell (CS), commercial interiors (CI), existing buildings (EB), neighborhood development (ND), homes (LEED for Homes), retail, schools, and healthcare.
Unlike many green building rating systems, these frameworks are not prescriptive checklists. Instead they are conceptual and meant to guide dialogue throughout the design process. They should not be used exclusively rather in conjunction with existing green building rating systems such as LEED, BREEAM or Living Building Challenge. [32]
Based on the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system, the OMSI Green Exhibition Certification guide simplified and adapted the LEED system to cater to the specific needs of the museum sector, especially in view of the limited financial and human resources found in many museums. [32]
Levine's academic work is notable in that he is concerned with the ways in which the form and process of architectural design can produce operational sustainability. [10] [11] [12] This scale of analysis is unusual for an architect, and even for an urban planner. [13] Levine's work has since encompassed the multi-scale nature of sustainability.
A home in Gilchrist, Texas, designed to resist flood waters survived Hurricane Ike in 2008.. In the fields of engineering and construction, resilience is the ability to absorb or avoid damage without suffering complete failure and is an objective of design, maintenance and restoration for buildings and infrastructure, as well as communities.