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A tsuzumi drum. The tsudzumi (鼓) or tsuzumi is a hand drum of Japanese origin. [1] It consists of a wooden body shaped like an hourglass, and it is taut, with two drum heads with cords that can be squeezed or released to increase or decrease the tension of the heads respectively.
Like the tsuzumi, the ōkawa is also struck with a player's bare hands. As the drum heads are taut very tightly, it often hurts to play the drum, and calluses must be developed on the player's fingers to play comfortably. The calluses must be taken care of, being shaved with a knife from time to time before they get too big.
San-no-tsuzumi (三の鼓) – hourglass-shaped double-headed drum; struck only on one side; Sasara (ささら) – clapper made from wooden slats connected by a rope or cord; Sekkin – a lithophone either bowed or struck; Shime-daiko – small drum played with sticks; Shōko – small bronze gong used in gagaku; struck with two horn beaters
The lead instrument of the ensemble is the kakko, [86] which is a smaller shime-daiko with heads made of deerskin, and is placed horizontally on a stand during performance. [86] A tsuzumi, called the san-no-tsuzumi is another small drum in gagaku that is placed horizontally and struck with a thin stick. [87]
Hayashi (囃子) or hayashi-kata (囃子方) are the instrumentalists who play the four instruments used in Noh theatre: the transverse flute (笛, fue), hip drum (大鼓, ōtsuzumi) or ōkawa (大皮), the shoulder-drum (小鼓, kotsuzumi), and the stick-drum (太鼓, taiko). The flute used for Noh is specifically called nōkan or nohkan (能管).
Similar to the tsuzumi and to African talking drums, both drum heads are bound together with cords so that the drum heads are bound by each other. Like the larger taiko drums, the shime-daiko is played with sticks called " bachi ," while it's suspended on a stand.
Ron Korb's Asian Flute Gallery (features description and drawing of the Shinobue and other Japanese flutes); Syoji Yamaguchi's web site on Japanese transverse flutes Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine (features articles on making and playing of the Shinobue and other Japanese transverse flutes: yokobue or fue)
The repertoire includes eight forms that may be traced back to the eighth century: kagura-uta (kagura songs), azuma asobi (eastern entertainment), kume-uta (palace guard songs) ō-uta (big songs), onaibi-uta (night duty songs), ruika (funeral songs), ta-uta (field songs), and yamato-uta (Yamato songs).