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The real numbers include the rational numbers, such as the integer −5 and the fraction 4 / 3. The rest of the real numbers are called irrational numbers. Some irrational numbers (as well as all the rationals) are the root of a polynomial with integer coefficients, such as the square root √2 = 1.414...; these are called algebraic numbers.
These include infinite and infinitesimal numbers which possess certain properties of the real numbers. Surreal numbers : A number system that includes the hyperreal numbers as well as the ordinals. Fuzzy numbers : A generalization of the real numbers, in which each element is a connected set of possible values with weights.
The rationals are a dense subset of the real numbers; every real number has rational numbers arbitrarily close to it. [6] A related property is that rational numbers are the only numbers with finite expansions as regular continued fractions. [18] In the usual topology of the real numbers, the rationals are neither an open set nor a closed set. [19]
Later stages focus on a more abstract understanding and introduce the students to different types of numbers, such as negative numbers, fractions, real numbers, and complex numbers. They further cover more advanced numerical operations, like exponentiation, extraction of roots, and logarithm. [187]
For a positive number written in a conventional positional numeral system (such as binary or decimal), its fractional part hence corresponds to the digits appearing after the radix point, such as the decimal point in English. The result is a real number in the half-open interval [0, 1).
The term "real number" is a retronym coined in response to "imaginary number". Together with the p-adic numbers , the reals are a limit set of the rational numbers . Real numbers may be represented in a variety of ways: as binary numbers , as continued fractions , and in other interesting ways, such as rational zeta series .
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In mathematics, the notion of number has been extended over the centuries to include zero (0), [3] negative numbers, [4] rational numbers such as one half (), real numbers such as the square root of 2 and π, [5] and complex numbers [6] which extend the real numbers with a square root of −1 (and its combinations with real numbers by adding or ...