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It can be reduced (short, "narrow") in horizontal size by fetal alcohol syndrome [1] and in Williams syndrome.The chromosomal conditions trisomy 9 and trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) can cause the palpebral fissures to be upslanted, [2] whereas Marfan syndrome can cause a downslant. [3]
diplopia or double vision - more seen in adults (maturity / plasticity of neural pathways) and suppression mechanisms of the brain in sorting out the images from the two eyes. cyclotropia, a cyclotorsional deviation of the eyes (rotation around the visual axis), particularly when the root cause is an oblique muscle paresis causing the hypertropia.
An epicanthic fold or epicanthus [6] is a skin fold of the upper eyelid that covers the inner corner (medial canthus) of the eye. [3] However, variation occurs in the nature of this feature and the possession of "partial epicanthic folds" or "slight epicanthic folds" is noted in the relevant literature.
Diabetes, for example, is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in those aged 20–74, with ocular manifestations such as diabetic retinopathy and macular edema affecting up to 80% of those who have had the disease for 15 years or more.
SOFT syndrome, also known for the name its acronym originates from: Short stature-onychodysplasia-facial dysmorphism-hypotrichosis syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the presence of short stature, underdeveloped nails, facial dysmorphisms (such as long triangular face, down-slanting palpebral fissures, etc.), and hair sparcity across the body. [1]
Blepharophimosis forms a part of blepharophimosis, ptosis, epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES), also called blepharophimosis syndrome, which is an autosomal dominant condition characterised by blepharophimosis, ptosis (upper eyelid drooping), epicanthus inversus (skin folds by the nasal bridge, more prominent lower than upper lid) and telecanthus (widening of the distance between the inner ...
TCF4 – In 2007, deletions of or point mutations in this gene were identified as the cause of Pitt-Hopkins syndrome. [12] This is the first gene that has been definitively shown to directly cause a clinical phenotype when deleted.
Heterophoria occurs only during dissociation of the left eye and right eye, when fusion of the eyes is absent. If you cover one eye (e.g., with your hand) you remove the sensory information about the eye's position in the orbit. Without this, there is no stimulus to binocular fusion, and the eye will move to a position of "rest".