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The operation, as performed by Allen Whipple, was initially a two-stage operation. Of the three patients Dr. Whipple first operated on, none survived beyond 28 months, with one of the patients dying in the operation. [40] Though its therapeutic effects were discovered in 1929, Vitamin K was not commercially available until 1940.
Portal vein embolization (PVE) is a preoperative procedure performed in interventional radiology to initiate hypertrophy of the anticipated future liver remnant a couple weeks prior to a major liver resection procedure. The procedure involves injecting the right or left portal vein with embolic material to occlude portal blood flow.
Anorectal varices are collateral submucosal blood vessels dilated by backflow in the veins of the rectum. [1] Typically this occurs due to portal hypertension which shunts venous blood from the portal system through the portosystemic anastomosis present at this site into the systemic venous system.
The portal vein is not a true vein, because it conducts blood to capillary beds in the liver and not directly to the heart. It is a major component of the hepatic portal system , one of three portal venous systems in the human body; the others being the hypophyseal and renal portal systems.
A dilated portal vein (diameter of greater than 13 or 15 mm) is a sign of portal hypertension, with a sensitivity estimated at 12.5% or 40%. [18] On Doppler ultrasonography , a slow velocity of <16 cm/s in addition to dilatation in the main portal vein are diagnostic of portal hypertension. [ 19 ]
The first is the use of beta-blockers, which reduce portal pressures. Non-selective beta blockers (such as propranolol and nadolol) have been used to decrease the pressure of the portal vein in patients with esophageal varices, and have been shown to regress portal hypertensive gastropathy that has been worsened by medical treatment of varices. [5]
Portal vein thrombosis, incidental PM finding. Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a vascular disease of the liver that occurs when a blood clot occurs in the hepatic portal vein, which can lead to increased pressure in the portal vein system and reduced blood supply to the liver. The mortality rate is approximately 1 in 10. [1]
A portacaval anastomosis or portocaval anastomosis is a specific type of circulatory anastomosis that occurs between the veins of the portal circulation and the vena cava, thus forming one of the principal types of portasystemic anastomosis or portosystemic anastomosis, as it connects the portal circulation to the systemic circulation, providing an alternative pathway for the blood.