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Training or entrance training refers to coastal structures built to constrain a river discharging across a littoral coast so that it discharges only where desired. Untrained entrances on sandy coasts tend to move widely and violently to discharge into the ocean, often upsetting those enjoying land nearby.
The interaction of river flow and tide needs to be modeled by computer or using scale models, moulded to the configuration of the estuary under consideration and reproducing in miniature the tidal ebb and flow and fresh-water discharge over a bed of very fine sand, in which various lines of training walls can be successively inserted. The ...
In addition, an independent checking engineer, Flint & Neill, was engaged to review the design criteria, specifications, and drawings produced by the design team to ensure the design meets the project requirements and to undertake an independent check of the detailed design of the main bridge and river training works. A key feature of the ...
During the first half of the 20th century, the stepped cascade design fell out of fashion, partly because of the maintenance costs but also because of the development of hydraulic jump stilling basins. Yet the long-lasting operation of several famous stepped cascades has demonstrated the soundness of the stepped spillway design. [citation needed]
The main structure is the diversion weir, river-training structures, and sediment exclusion basin. A gravity concrete weir is 5 to 7 m (16 to 23 ft) high with the crest at an elevation of 1,425 m (4,675 ft) asl. The control system and the sediment exclusion basin have a design capacity of 6 m 3 /s (210 cu ft/s). The sediment exclusion basins ...
River groynes (spur dykes, wing dykes, or wing dams) are often constructed nearly perpendicular to the riverbanks, beginning at a riverbank with a root and ending at the regulation line with a head. They maintain a channel to prevent ice jamming, and more generally improve navigation and control over lateral erosion, that would form from meanders .
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Wing dam in a man-made river bed. A wing dam or wing dike is a man-made barrier that, unlike a conventional dam, only extends partway into a river.These structures force water into a fast-moving center channel which reduces the rate of sediment accumulation, while slowing water flow near the riverbanks.