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Research and development (R&D or R+D) [1], known in some countries as experiment and design, is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products. [2] [3] [4] R&D constitutes the first stage of development of a potential new service or the production process.
R&D intensity for a country or larger political or geographical entity is defined as its R&D expenditure as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) of the entity. Generally speaking, developed countries have higher R&D intensities than developing countries. [citation needed] As Eurostat noted in 2013, for a preceding period, [when?]
Expenditures on R&D (billions of US$) 1 Amazon United States: Software and Internet 42.74 2 Alphabet Inc. United States: Software and Internet 27.57 3 Huawei China: Computing and Electronics 22.04 4 Microsoft United States: Software and Internet 19.27 5 Apple United States: Computing and Electronics 18.75 5 Samsung Electronics South Korea
There is a broadly held assumption that research and development (R&D) budget sizes matter a great deal to the current and future financial prospects of most tech companies. A review of the ...
Economists are particularly concerned about whether public R&D stimulates or crowds out the private sector R&D. It is generally known as a 'policy success', if the public R&D (especially the government R&D subsidy) could stimulate the R&D investment of private sectors.
A yield co or yieldco is a company that is formed to own operating assets that produce a predictable cash flow, primarily through long term contracts. Separating volatile activities (such as development, R&D, construction) from stable activities of operating assets can lower the cost of capital. [1]
According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ″Gross domestic spending on R&D is defined as the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D carried out by all resident companies, research institutes, university and government laboratories, etc., in a country.
R&D employment and spending (2010) This is a list of U.S. states and the District of Columbia by research and development (R&D) spending in 2020 adjusted US dollar.