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A lung nodule or pulmonary nodule is a relatively small focal density in the lung. A solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) or coin lesion, [1] is a mass in the lung smaller than three centimeters in diameter. A pulmonary micronodule has a diameter of less than three millimetres. [2] There may also be multiple nodules.
The smaller the tumor on a radiograph the more likely it is to be benign as 80% of lung nodules less than 2 cm in diameter are benign. Most benign nodules are smoothed radiopaque densities with clear margins but these are not exclusive signs of benign tumors. [32]
The most frequent findings on a computed tomography (CT) of the chest are multiple primary nodules and/or masses, on a background of mosaic attenuation and airway wall thickening. [2] [9] The nodules have an indolent pattern of growth and are found throughout the lungs. The nodules are typically rounded and well-defined.
Simon focus nodules are often calcified. [1] The initial lesion is usually a small focus of consolidation, less than 2cm in diameter and located within 1 to 2 cm of the apical pleura. [2] In adolescence, Simon foci may become reactivated and develop into Assmann foci. [3]
Relatively small tumors are designated T1, which are subdivided by size: tumors ≤ 1 centimeter (cm) across are T1a; 1–2 cm T1b; 2–3 cm T1c. Tumors up to 5 cm across, or those that have spread to the visceral pleura (tissue covering the lung) or main bronchi, are designated T2. T2a designates 3–4 cm tumors; T2b 4–5 cm tumors.
A focal lung pneumatosis is an enclosed pocket of air or gas in the lung and includes blebs, bullae, pulmonary cysts, and lung cavities. Blebs and bullae can be classified by their wall thickness. [1] A bleb has a wall thickness of less than 1 mm. [2] By radiology definition, it is up to 1 cm in total size. [3]