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Monocytosis is an increase in the number of monocytes circulating in the blood. [1] Monocytes are white blood cells that give rise to macrophages and dendritic cells in the immune system. In humans, monocytosis occurs when there is a sustained rise in monocyte counts greater than 800/mm 3 to 1000/mm 3. [2]
Laboratory abnormalities include thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and elevated liver tests. [citation needed] The severity of the illness can range from minor or asymptomatic to life-threatening. CNS involvement may occur. A serious septic or toxic shock-like picture can also develop, especially in patients with impaired immunity. [5]
When the infection is acute (recent onset, instead of chronic), heterophile antibodies are produced. [26] Cytomegalovirus, adenovirus and Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis) infections can cause symptoms similar to infectious mononucleosis, but a heterophile antibody test will test negative and differentiate those infections from infectious ...
A high count of CD14 + CD16 ++ monocytes is found in severe infection . [30] In the field of atherosclerosis, high numbers of the CD14 ++ CD16 + intermediate monocytes were shown to be predictive of cardiovascular events in populations at risk. [31] [32] CMML is characterized by a persistent monocyte count of > 1000/microL of blood.
Monocytes are the third most common white blood cell after neutrophils and lymphocytes. [63] Increased monocyte counts (monocytosis) are seen in chronic infection and inflammation. Extremely high monocyte counts, as well as immature forms of monocytes, occur in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and acute leukemias of monocytic origin. [64]
Leukocytosis can be subcategorized by the type of white blood cell that is increased in number. Leukocytosis in which neutrophils are elevated is neutrophilia; leukocytosis in which lymphocyte count is elevated is lymphocytosis; leukocytosis in which monocyte count is elevated is monocytosis; and leukocytosis in which eosinophil count is elevated is eosinophilia.
Macrophages, monocytes, T-cells, B-cells, and tissue-resident cells: Elevated GM-CSF has been shown to contribute to inflammation in inflammatory arthritis, osteoarthritis, colitis asthma, obesity, and COVID-19. Histamine: Monoamine: Mast cells and basophils: Stored in preformed granules, histamine is released in response to a number of stimuli.
Other features may include; leukocytosis (50% of cases); left shift and dysplasia of monocytes and granulocytes; presence of metamyelocytes, myelocytes and promonocytes; monocytes with hypersegmented/abnormal shaped nuclei, increased cytoplasmic basophilia and/or the presence of cytoplasmic granules; eosinophilia (in cases of CMML with ...