Search results
Results From The WOW.Com Content Network
square root: four different dependencies were run in parallel on four 250 MHZ SGI Origin 2000 processors at CWI; three of them found the factors of RSA-140 after 14.2, 19.0 and 19.0 CPU-hours eleven weeks (including four weeks for polynomial selection, one month for sieving, one week for data filtering and matrix construction, five days for the ...
The security of RSA relies on the practical difficulty of factoring the product of two large prime numbers, the "factoring problem". Breaking RSA encryption is known as the RSA problem. Whether it is as difficult as the factoring problem is an open question. [3] There are no published methods to defeat the system if a large enough key is used.
The Rabin cryptosystem is a family of public-key encryption schemes based on a trapdoor function whose security, like that of RSA, is related to the difficulty of integer factorization. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The Rabin trapdoor function has the advantage that inverting it has been mathematically proven to be as hard as factoring integers, while there is ...
More specifically, the RSA problem is to efficiently compute P given an RSA public key (N, e) and a ciphertext C ≡ P e (mod N). The structure of the RSA public key requires that N be a large semiprime (i.e., a product of two large prime numbers), that 2 < e < N, that e be coprime to φ(N), and that 0 ≤ C < N.
Note that gcd(x,N) = 1 with overwhelming probability, which ensures that there are 4 square roots of x 2 mod N. The sender finds a square root y of x 2 mod N and sends y to the receiver. If the receiver finds y is neither x nor − x modulo N , the receiver will be able to factor N and therefore decrypt m e to recover m (see Rabin encryption ...
A primality test is an algorithm for determining whether an input number is prime.Among other fields of mathematics, it is used for cryptography.Unlike integer factorization, primality tests do not generally give prime factors, only stating whether the input number is prime or not.
Security against any adversary defined generically in terms of a hash function (i.e., security in the random oracle model) follows from the difficulty of factoring : Any such adversary with high probability of success at forgery can, with nearly as high probability, find two distinct square roots and of a random integer modulo .
MATLAB's powermod function from Symbolic Math Toolbox; Wolfram Language has the PowerMod function; Perl's Math::BigInt module has a bmodpow() method to perform modular exponentiation; Raku has a built-in routine expmod. Go's big.Int type contains an Exp() (exponentiation) method whose third parameter, if non-nil, is the modulus