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Many protists take the form of single-celled flagellates. Flagella are generally used for propulsion. They may also be used to create a current that brings in food. In most such organisms, one or more flagella are located at or near the anterior of the cell (e.g., Euglena). Often there is one directed forwards and one trailing behind.
Although protist flagella have a diversity of forms and functions, [11] two large families, flagellates and ciliates, can be distinguished by the shape and beating pattern of their flagella. [ 2 ] In the phylogenetic tree on the right, aquatic organisms (living in marine, brackish, or freshwater environments) have their branches drawn in blue ...
Kinetoplastida (or Kinetoplastea, as a class) is a group of flagellated protists belonging to the phylum Euglenozoa, [3] [4] and characterised by the presence of a distinctive organelle called the kinetoplast (hence the name), a granule containing a large mass of DNA.
Archaeal flagella are superficially similar to bacterial flagella in that it also has a rotary motor, but are different in many details and considered non-homologous. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Eukaryotic flagella—those of animal, plant, and protist cells—are complex cellular projections that lash back and forth.
These protists are equipped with one or more whip-like appendages called cilia, undulipodia or eukaryotic flagella, [b] which enable them to swim or glide freely through the environment. Flagellates are found in all lineages, reflecting that the common ancestor of all living eukaryotes was a flagellate.
The parabasalids are a group of flagellated protists within the supergroup Excavata.Most of these eukaryotic organisms form a symbiotic relationship in animals.These include a variety of forms found in the intestines of termites [2] and cockroaches, many of which have symbiotic bacteria that help them digest cellulose in woody plants.
Bottom: Metamonada, 1-anterior flagella, 2-parabasal body, 3-undulating membrane, 4-posterior flagellum, 5-nucleus, 6-axostyle. Excavata is an extensive and diverse but paraphyletic group of unicellular Eukaryota .
The amoeboflagellate phenotype is present in numerous protists that have a crucial phylogenetic position near the origin of animals and fungi, within the vast clade known as Opisthokonta. It has been described in choanoflagellates such as Salpingoeca , filastereans such as Pigoraptor , and even some early-branching fungi such as Sanchytrium ...