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The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the universe and classifying all known elementary particles.
String theory is a model of physics whereby all "particles" that make up matter are composed of strings (measuring at the Planck length) that exist in an 11-dimensional (according to M-theory, the leading version) or 12-dimensional (according to F-theory [17]) universe. These strings vibrate at different frequencies that determine mass ...
All the particles of the Standard Model have been experimentally observed, including the Higgs boson in 2012. [2] [3] Many other hypothetical elementary particles, such as the graviton, have been proposed, but not observed experimentally.
The Standard Model also contains 24 fundamental fermions (12 particles and their associated anti-particles), which are the constituents of all matter. [7] Finally, the Standard Model also predicted the existence of a type of boson known as the Higgs boson. On 4 July 2012, physicists with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN announced they had ...
The standard model is a quantum field theory, meaning its fundamental objects are quantum fields, which are defined at all points in spacetime. QFT treats particles as excited states (also called quanta) of their underlying quantum fields, which are more fundamental than the particles. These fields are.
Parity. +1 [7][8] The Higgs boson, sometimes called the Higgs particle, [9][10] is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics produced by the quantum excitation of the Higgs field, [11][12] one of the fields in particle physics theory. [12] In the Standard Model, the Higgs particle is a massive scalar boson with zero spin ...
The Standard Model predicted the existence of the recently discovered Higgs boson, a particle that is a manifestation of a field within the universe that can endow particles with mass. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] Because of its success in explaining a wide variety of experimental results, the Standard Model is sometimes regarded as a "theory of almost ...
Elementary particles from the Standard Model of particle physics that have so far been observed. The Standard Model is the most comprehensive existing model of particle behavior. All Standard Model particles including the Higgs boson have been verified, and all other observed particles are combinations of two or more Standard Model particles.