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The Handbook of Crime Correlates (2009) is a systematic review of 5200 empirical studies on crime that have been published worldwide. A crime consistency score represents the strength of relationships. The scoring depends on how consistently a statistically significant relationship was identified across multiple studies.
In the United States, the relationship between race and crime has been a topic of public controversy and scholarly debate for more than a century. [1] Crime rates vary significantly between racial groups; however, academic research indicates that the over-representation of some racial minorities in the criminal justice system can in part be explained by socioeconomic factors, [2] [3] such as ...
Race is one of the correlates of crime receiving attention in academic studies, government surveys, media coverage, and public concern. Research has found that social status, poverty, and childhood exposure to violent behavior are causes of the racial disparities in crime. Research conducted in Europe and the United States on the matter has ...
In the United States, poverty has both social and political implications. In 2020, there were 37.2 million people in poverty. [1] Some of the many causes include income, inequality, [needs update][2] inflation, unemployment, debt traps and poor education. [needs update][3] The majority of adults living in poverty are employed and have at least ...
War, crime and violence are some primary causes of poverty noted. [22] In 39 countries (since 2000), where political violence and organized crime historically thrived, the poverty level was twice that in countries with less reported war, crime and violence. [22] Cost of living protest in London – 12 February 2022
The social determinants of health in poverty describe the factors that affect impoverished populations' health and health inequality. Inequalities in health stem from the conditions of people's lives, including living conditions, work environment, age, and other social factors, and how these affect people's ability to respond to illness. [ 1 ]
Proponents of the lead–crime hypothesis argue that the removal of lead additives from motor fuel, and the consequent decline in children's lead exposure, explains the fall in crime rates in the United States beginning in the 1990s. [4] This hypothesis also offers an explanation of the rise in crime in the preceding decades as the result of ...
About one third of the Native American population, about 700,000 people, lives on an Indian Reservation in the United States. [1] Reservation poverty and other discriminatory factors have led to persisting social inequality on Native American reservations. Disparities between many aspects of life at the national level and at the reservation ...