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Holism. Holism is the interdisciplinary idea that systems possess properties as wholes apart from the properties of their component parts. [1][2][3] The aphorism "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts", typically attributed to Aristotle, is often given as a glib summary of this proposal. [4] The concept of holism can inform the ...
Holism in science. Holism in science, holistic science, or methodological holism is an approach to research that emphasizes the study of complex systems. Systems are approached as coherent wholes whose component parts are best understood in context and in relation to both each other and to the whole. Holism typically stands in contrast with ...
The approach is conventionally understood as having been developed by Franz Boas, who developed the discipline of anthropology in the United States. [1] [2] A 2013 re-assessment of the evidence has indicated that the idea of four-field anthropology has a more complex 19th-century history in Europe and North America. [3]
Franz Uri Boas[ a ] (July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942) was a German-American anthropologist and ethnomusicologist. [ 22 ] He was a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology". [ 23 ][ 24 ][ 25 ] His work is associated with the movements known as historical particularism and cultural relativism. [ 26 ]
Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including archaic humans. [ 1 ] Social anthropology studies patterns of behavior, while cultural anthropology studies cultural meaning, including norms and values. [ 1 ]
The rubric cultural anthropology is generally applied to ethnographic works that are holistic in approach, are oriented to the ways in which culture affects individual experience, or aim to provide a rounded view of the knowledge, customs, and institutions of a people. Cultural anthropology focuses on how individuals make sense of the world ...
Cultural evolution is an evolutionary theory of social change. It follows from the definition of culture as "information capable of affecting individuals' behavior that they acquire from other members of their species through teaching, imitation and other forms of social transmission". [1] Cultural evolution is the change of this information ...
Cross-cultural studies, sometimes called holocultural studies or comparative studies, is a specialization in anthropology and sister sciences such as sociology, psychology, economics, political science that uses field data from many societies through comparative research to examine the scope of human behavior and test hypotheses about human behavior and culture.