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  2. Mathematical fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_fallacy

    In mathematics, certain kinds of mistaken proof are often exhibited, and sometimes collected, as illustrations of a concept called mathematical fallacy.There is a distinction between a simple mistake and a mathematical fallacy in a proof, in that a mistake in a proof leads to an invalid proof while in the best-known examples of mathematical fallacies there is some element of concealment or ...

  3. Law of excluded middle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_excluded_middle

    In logic, the law of excluded middle or the principle of excluded middle states that for every proposition, either this proposition or its negation is true. [1] [2] It is one of the three laws of thought, along with the law of noncontradiction, and the law of identity; however, no system of logic is built on just these laws, and none of these laws provides inference rules, such as modus ponens ...

  4. Proof by contradiction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_by_contradiction

    In logic, proof by contradiction is a form of proof that establishes the truth or the validity of a proposition by showing that assuming the proposition to be false leads to a contradiction. Although it is quite freely used in mathematical proofs, not every school of mathematical thought accepts this kind of nonconstructive proof as universally ...

  5. Contradiction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contradiction

    In traditional logic, a contradiction occurs when a proposition conflicts either with itself or established fact. It is often used as a tool to detect disingenuous beliefs and bias . Illustrating a general tendency in applied logic, Aristotle 's law of noncontradiction states that "It is impossible that the same thing can at the same time both ...

  6. Outline of logic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_logic

    Logic is the formal science of using reason and is considered a branch of both philosophy and mathematics and to a lesser extent computer science. Logic investigates and classifies the structure of statements and arguments, both through the study of formal systems of inference and the study of arguments in natural language .

  7. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    Naturalistic fallacy fallacy is a type of argument from fallacy. Straw man fallacy – refuting an argument different from the one actually under discussion, while not recognizing or acknowledging the distinction. [110] Texas sharpshooter fallacy – improperly asserting a cause to explain a cluster of data. [111]

  8. List of valid argument forms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_valid_argument_forms

    The conclusion is that either the first outcome or the second outcome will happen. The criticism with this form is that it does not give a definitive conclusion; just a statement of possibilities. [3] When it is written in argument form it looks like below. Either A or B If A then C If B then D Therefore either C or D

  9. Fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy

    A formal fallacy, deductive fallacy, logical fallacy or non sequitur (Latin for "it does not follow") is a flaw in the structure of a deductive argument that renders the argument invalid. The flaw can be expressed in the standard system of logic. [1] Such an argument is always considered to be wrong.

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