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Under HTTP 1.0, connections should always be closed by the server after sending the response. [1]Since at least late 1995, [2] developers of popular products (browsers, web servers, etc.) using HTTP/1.0, started to add an unofficial extension (to the protocol) named "keep-alive" in order to allow the reuse of a connection for multiple requests/responses.
HTTP pipelining is a feature of HTTP/1.1, which allows multiple HTTP requests to be sent over a single TCP connection without waiting for the corresponding responses. [1] HTTP/1.1 requires servers to respond to pipelined requests correctly, with non-pipelined but valid responses even if server does not support HTTP pipelining.
to use a single TCP/IP (usually encrypted) connection per accessed server domain instead of 2 to 8 TCP/IP connections; to use one or more bidirectional streams per TCP/IP connection in which HTTP requests and responses are broken down and transmitted in small packets to almost solve the problem of the HOLB (head-of-line blocking). [note 1]
This approach encourages the practice of opening a connection in an application only when needed, and closing it as soon as the work is done, rather than holding a connection open for the entire life of the application. In this manner, a relatively small number of connections can service a large number of requests. This is also called multiplexing.
For instance, the same MySQL driver can be used to connect to any MySQL server, but the connection information to connect to a local private server is different from the information needed to connect to an internet-hosted public server. The DSN stores this information in a standardized format, and the DM provides this to the driver during ...
In case a client made too many requests within a given time frame, HTTP servers can respond with status code 429: Too Many Requests. However, in some cases (i.e. web servers) the session management and rate limiting algorithm should be built into the application (used for dynamic content) running on the web server, rather than the web server ...
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Without connection pooling mechanisms (e.g., HikariCP, pgbouncer), idle or excessive connections can strain database resources. Virtual Machine-Based Environments: AWS EC2 instances scale connection demand with the number of instances. Manual or automated tuning of connection pool parameters is essential to prevent exceeding database limits.