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The standard of just cause provides important protections against arbitrary or unfair termination and other forms of inappropriate workplace discipline. [3] Just cause has become a common standard in labor arbitration, and is included in labor union contracts as a form of job security. Typically, an employer must prove just cause before an ...
The term stems from Loudermill v.Cleveland Board of Education, in which the United States Supreme Court held that non-probationary civil servants had a property right to continued employment and such employment could not be denied to employees unless they were given an opportunity to hear and respond to the charges against them prior to being deprived of continued employment.
Sexual harassment in the workplace in US labor law has been considered a form of discrimination on the basis of sex in the United States since the mid-1970s. [1] [2] There are two forms of sexual harassment recognized by United States law: quid pro quo sexual harassment (requiring an employee to tolerate sexual harassment to keep their job, receive a tangible benefit, or avoid punishment) and ...
Progressive discipline is a system of discipline where the penalties increase upon repeat occurrences.. This term is often used in an employment or human resources context where rather than terminating employees for first or minor infractions, there is a system of escalating responses intended to correct the negative behavior rather than to punish the employee.
Signed into law by President George H. W. Bush on November 21, 1991 The Civil Rights Act of 1991 [ 3 ] is a United States labor law , passed in response to United States Supreme Court decisions that limited the rights of employees who had sued their employers for discrimination.
For example, administrative, i.e. non-disciplinary, suspensions might not amount to a constructive dismissal if imposed in good faith and justified by legitimate business reasons (i.e. lack of work). As well, a small reduction in salary, in tough times, and administered rationally, might not be a constructive dismissal.
Non-punitive uses [ edit ] In Scandinavia, the Baltics, Russia and Finland there is a tradition called sauna whisking , in which one strikes their own body with soaked birch twigs in the sauna or banya , as a form of massage and to increase blood circulation and open the pores.
Administrative action. A commander may take or initiate administrative action, in addition to or instead of other action [e.g., non-judicial punishment (Article 15 or "NJP") and court-martial] taken under this rule, subject to regulations of the Secretary concerned. Administrative actions include corrective measures such as counseling ...