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Carnosine is naturally produced by the body in the liver [2] from beta-alanine and histidine. Like carnitine, carnosine is composed of the root word carn, meaning "flesh", alluding to its prevalence in meat. [3] There are no plant-based sources of carnosine. [4] Carnosine is readily available as a synthetic nutritional supplement.
L-Carnitine, acetyl-l-carnitine, and propionyl-l-carnitine are available in dietary supplement pills or powders, with a daily amount of 0.5 to 1 g considered to be safe. [1] [3] It is also a drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat primary and certain secondary carnitine-deficiency syndromes secondary to inherited diseases. [1 ...
Zinc L-carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidinato zinc [1]) (N-(3-aminopropionyl)-L-histidinato zinc [2]), often simply called zinc carnosine, and also known as polaprezinc, [3] is a mucosal protective [4] [5] chelate compound of zinc and L-carnosine invented by Hamari Chemicals, Ltd. [6] [7] It is a quadridentate 1:1 complex of a polymeric nature. [6]
Acetyl-L-carnitine, ALCAR or ALC, is an acetylated form of L-carnitine. It is naturally produced by the human body, and it is available as a dietary supplement. Acetylcarnitine is broken down in the blood by plasma esterases to carnitine which is used by the body to transport fatty acids into the mitochondria for breakdown and energy production.
The second step of L-carnitine biosynthesis requires the 3-hydroxy-N ε-trimethyllysine aldolase enzyme. 3-hydroxy-N ε-trimethyllysine aldolase is a pyridoxal phosphate dependent aldolase, and it catalyses the cleavage of 3-hydroxy-N ε-trimethyllysine into 4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde and glycine.
Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine), and its topical prodrug formulation N-acetylcarnosine (NAC), is advertised (especially on the internet) to treat a range of ophthalmic disorders associated with oxidative stress, including age-related and diabetic cataracts. No convincing animal studies or masked clinical trials have been reported.