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It is no longer thought that the PIE language split first into centum and satem branches from which all the centum and all the satem languages, respectively, would have derived. Such a division is made particularly unlikely by the discovery that while the satem group lies generally to the east and the centum group to the west, the most eastward ...
English: Branches are in order of first attestation; those to the left are Centum, those to the right are Satem. Languages in red are extinct or dead. White labels indicate categories / un-attested proto-languages.
The satem languages merged the labiovelars *kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ with the plain velar series *k, *g, *gʰ, while the palatovelars *ḱ, *ǵ, *ǵʰ became sibilant fricatives or affricates of various types, depending on the individual language. In some phonological conditions, depalatalization occurred, yielding what appears to be a centum reflex ...
They are known as satem branches, after the Avestan word for hundred. [2] [3] Since the Balto-Slavic family, the Indo-Iranian family, and the other satem families are spoken in adjacent geographic regions, they can be grouped by an isogloss: a geographic line separating satem branches on one side from centum branches on the other.
As with species, each language is assumed to have evolved from a single parent language, with languages that share a common ancestor belonging to the same language family. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] The tree model has been a common method of describing genetic relationships between languages since the first attempts to do so.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 6 January 2025. Group of languages related through a common ancestor 2005 map of the contemporary distribution of the world's primary language families A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family. The term family is a ...
In the satem languages, which include the Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian branches, as well as (in most respects) Albanian and Armenian, the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European palatovelars remained distinct and were fricativized, while the labiovelars merged with the 'plain velars'. In the centum languages, the palatovelars merged with the plain ...
English: Partial tree of Indo-European languages. Branches are in order of first attestation; those to the left are Centum, those to the right are Satem. Languages in red are extinct or dead. White labels indicate categories / un-attested proto-languages.