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Elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) is an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields.ECC allows smaller keys to provide equivalent security, compared to cryptosystems based on modular exponentiation in Galois fields, such as the RSA cryptosystem and ElGamal cryptosystem.
As with elliptic-curve cryptography in general, the bit size of the private key believed to be needed for ECDSA is about twice the size of the security level, in bits. [1] For example, at a security level of 80 bits—meaning an attacker requires a maximum of about 2 80 {\displaystyle 2^{80}} operations to find the private key—the size of an ...
Elliptic curves are especially important in number theory, and constitute a major area of current research; for example, they were used in Andrew Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. They also find applications in elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and integer factorization.
Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) is a key agreement protocol that allows two parties, each having an elliptic-curve public–private key pair, to establish a shared secret over an insecure channel. [1] [2] [3] This shared secret may be directly used as a key, or to derive another key.
In cryptography, Curve25519 is an elliptic curve used in elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) offering 128 bits of security (256-bit key size) and designed for use with the Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) key agreement scheme. It is one of the fastest curves in ECC, and is not covered by any known patents. [1]
Elliptic curve scalar multiplication is the operation of successively adding a point along an elliptic curve to itself repeatedly. It is used in elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). The literature presents this operation as scalar multiplication , as written in Hessian form of an elliptic curve .
Hewlett-Packard holds U.S. patent 6,252,960 on compression and decompression of data points on elliptic curves. It expired in 2018. According to the NSA, Certicom holds over 130 patents relating to elliptic curves and public key cryptography in general. [5] It is difficult to create a complete list of patents that are related to ECC.
Edwards curves of equation x 2 + y 2 = 1 + d ·x 2 ·y 2 over the real numbers for d = −300 (red), d = − √ 8 (yellow) and d = 0.9 (blue) In mathematics, the Edwards curves are a family of elliptic curves studied by Harold Edwards in 2007. The concept of elliptic curves over finite fields is widely used in elliptic curve cryptography.