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In chemistry, a superoxide is a compound that contains the superoxide ion, which has the chemical formula O − 2. [1] The systematic name of the anion is dioxide(1−).The reactive oxygen ion superoxide is particularly important as the product of the one-electron reduction of dioxygen O 2, which occurs widely in nature. [2]
superoxide (O − 2) is produced by reduction of O 2. [4] Several grams are produced per day in the human body within the mitochondria. [5] O 2 + e − → O − 2. Competing with its formation, superoxide is destroyed by the action of superoxide dismutases, enzymes that catalyze its disproportionation: 2 O − 2 + 2H + → O 2 + H 2 O 2
Potassium superoxide is an inorganic compound with the formula K O 2. [6] It is a yellow paramagnetic solid that decomposes in moist air. It is a rare example of a stable salt of the superoxide anion. It is used as a CO 2 scrubber, H 2 O dehumidifier, and O 2 generator in rebreathers, spacecraft, submarines, and spacesuits.
Superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) is an enzyme that alternately catalyzes the dismutation (or partitioning) of the superoxide (O − 2) anion radical into normal molecular oxygen (O 2) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2). Superoxide is produced as a by-product of oxygen metabolism and, if not regulated, causes many types of cell damage. [2]
There are three main reactive oxygen species: the superoxide anion (O 2 −), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), and the hydroxyl radical (OH•). The superoxide anion is formed directly from the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen. [29] Hydrogen peroxide is then formed from the disproportionation of the superoxide anion. This reaction occurs ...
Subsequently, superoxide is quickly dismutated to hydrogen peroxide by two dismutases including superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) in mitochondrial matrix and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) in mitochondrial intermembrane space. Collectively, both superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generated in this process are considered as mitochondrial ROS. [1]
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The hydroperoxyl radical, also known as the hydrogen superoxide, is the protonated form of superoxide with the chemical formula HO 2, also written HOO •. This species plays an important role in the atmosphere and as a reactive oxygen species in cell biology.