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In scientific writing, IMRAD or IMRaD (/ ˈ ɪ m r æ d /) (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) [1] is a common organizational structure for the format of a document. IMRaD is the most prominent norm for the structure of a scientific journal article of the original research type.
The appendix provides specific requirements on the formatting of research papers as well as theses and dissertations. General formatting requirements include recommendations on paper and margin sizes, options as to the choice of typeface, the spacing and indentation of text, pagination, and the use of titles.
In "Results," writers who follow the IMRaD format share, with neutrality, the experimental results, which in "Discussion," are compared with prior information to end with a conclusion about the research, which should be 3 to 5 paragraphs long and consist of statements that reflect the outcomes of the entire publication. [34]
Although the IMRAD structure emphasizes the organization of content, and in scientific journal articles, each section (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) has unique conventions for scientific writing style. [8] The following are key guidelines for formatting, although each journal etc will to some extent have its own house style:
A thesis as a collection of articles [1] or series of papers, [2] also known as thesis by published works, [1] or article thesis, [3] is a doctoral dissertation that, as opposed to a coherent monograph, is a collection of research papers with an introductory section consisting of summary chapters. Other less used terms are "sandwich thesis" and ...
A Citation Style 1 template used to create citations for theses or dissertations submitted to and approved by an educational institution recognized as capable of awarding higher degrees. Template parameters [Edit template data] This template has custom formatting. Parameter Description Type Status Surname of author last last1 surname surname1 author author1 Surname of author. Do not wikilink ...
The ICMJE recommendations (full title, "Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals") are a set of guidelines produced by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors for standardising the ethics, preparation and formatting of manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals for publication. [1]
The citation from the Vancouver guidelines state that "This so-called “IMRAD” structure is not an arbitrary publication format but rather a direct reflection of the process of scientific discovery. but further down the text it says that "This neat order rarely corresponds to the actual sequence of events or ideas of the research presented ...