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In medicine, a pancreatectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas. Several types of pancreatectomy exist, including pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure), distal pancreatectomy, segmental pancreatectomy, and total pancreatectomy.
Pancreatic cancer is among the most deadly forms of cancer globally, with one of the lowest survival rates. In 2015, pancreatic cancers of all types resulted in 411,600 deaths globally. [8] Pancreatic cancer is the fifth-most-common cause of death from cancer in the United Kingdom, [19] and the third most-common in the United States. [20]
It is also used for the treatment of pancreatic or duodenal trauma, or chronic pancreatitis. [2] Due to the shared blood supply of organs in the proximal gastrointestinal system, surgical removal of the head of the pancreas also necessitates removal of the duodenum, proximal jejunum, gallbladder, and, occasionally, part of the stomach. [2]
A pancreatic tumor is an abnormal growth in the pancreas. [1] In adults, almost 90% are pancreatic cancer and a few are benign. [1] Pancreatic tumors are rare in children. [1] Classification is based on cellular differentiation (ductal, acinar, neuroendocrine, other) and gross appearance (intraductal, cystic, solid). [1]
Surgery can include the removal of the head of the pancreas (a pancreaticoduodenectomy), removal of the body and tail of the pancreas (a distal pancreatectomy), or rarely removal of the entire pancreas (a total pancreatectomy). [6] In selected cases the surgery can be performed using minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopy. [7]
According to the Cleveland Clinic, symptoms of pancreatic cancer can include jaundice, or yellowing of the skin, dark urine, upper abdominal pain and itchy skin, among others.
The definitive management is the surgical removal of the insulinoma. This may involve removing part of the pancreas, as well (Whipple procedure and distal pancreatectomy). Medications such as diazoxide and somatostatin can be used to block the release of insulin for patients who are not surgical candidates or who otherwise have inoperable tumours.
Pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) is a type of cystic lesion that occurs in the pancreas. Amongst individuals undergoing surgical resection of a pancreatic cyst, about 23 percent were mucinous cystic neoplasms. These lesions are benign, though there is a high rate of progression to cancer. As such, surgery should be pursued when feasible.