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Bone malrotation refers to the situation that results when a bone heals out of rotational alignment from another bone, or part of bone. It often occurs as the result of a surgical complication after a fracture where intramedullary nailing (IMN) occurs, [1] especially in the femur and tibial bones, but can also occur genetically at birth.
External rotation (or extorsion or lateral rotation) is an anatomical term of motion referring to rotation away from the center of the body. The external rotator muscles include: Muscles
The angle of convergence of the femora is a major factor in determining the femoral-tibial angle. In human females the femora converge more than in males because the pelvic bone is wider in females. In the condition genu valgum the femurs converge so much that the knees touch one another. The opposite extreme is genu varum (bow-leggedness)
External rotation (lateral rotation or extorsion) is rotation away from the center of the body, [22] carried out by external rotators. Internal and external rotators make up the rotator cuff , a group of muscles that help to stabilize the shoulder joint .
Evaluation of passive and active range of motion: Neck range of motion should be assessed that may reveal a neck source of shoulder pain. The Apley scratch test specifically tests range of motion and in a normal exam, an individual should be able to reach C7 on external rotation, and T7 on internal rotation. Evaluation of distal pulses
Energy expenditure is commonly used as a measure of gait quality and efficiency. Human metabolic rates are usually recorded via measuring the maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2 max) during controlled incremental exercise under observation. Treadmills are used for gait analysis and standard walking tests. Able-bodied and athletic individuals on ...
Shoulder anatomy, front view Shoulder anatomy, back view The rotator cuff is an anatomical term given to the group of four muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder. [ 3 ] These muscles are the supraspinatus , infraspinatus , teres minor and subscapularis and that hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity during ...
Various measuring points for these have been suggested, but a functional method is to measure the distances between joint surfaces: [4] Femur length: The superior aspect of the femoral head and the distal portion of the medial femoral condyle. Tibial length: The medial tibial plateau and the tibial plafond