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2. First-order logic - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic

   First-order logic also satisfies several metalogical theorems that make it amenable to analysis in proof theory, such as the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem and the compactness theorem. First-order logic is the standard for the formalization of mathematics into axioms, and is studied in the foundations of mathematics.

3. Symbolic artificial intelligence - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_artificial...

   Even later, in the 1990s, statistical relational learning, an approach that combines probability with logical formulas, allowed probability to be combined with first-order logic, e.g., with either Markov Logic Networks or Probabilistic Soft Logic. Other, non-probabilistic extensions to first-order logic to support were also tried.

4. Fluent (artificial intelligence) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluent_(artificial...

   In artificial intelligence, a fluent is a condition that can change over time. In logical approaches to reasoning about actions, fluents can be represented in first-order logic by predicates having an argument that depends on time.

5. Automated theorem proving - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_theorem_proving

   SPASS is a first-order logic theorem prover with equality. This is developed by the research group Automation of Logic, Max Planck Institute for Computer Science . The Theorem Prover Museum [ 27 ] is an initiative to conserve the sources of theorem prover systems for future analysis, since they are important cultural/scientific artefacts.

6. Outline of artificial intelligence - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_artificial...

   Programming using logic Logic programming; See "Logic as search" above. Forms of Logic Propositional logic [14] First-order logic [15] First-order logic with equality; Constraint satisfaction; Fuzzy logic [16] [17] Fuzzy set theory; Fuzzy systems; Combs method; Ordered weighted averaging aggregation operator; Perceptual Computing –

7. List of first-order theories - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_first-order_theories

   There are three common ways of handling this in first-order logic: Use first-order logic with two types. Use ordinary first-order logic, but add a new unary predicate "Set", where "Set(t)" means informally "t is a set". Use ordinary first-order logic, and instead of adding a new predicate to the language, treat "Set(t)" as an abbreviation for ...