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Scandium is a chemical element with the symbol Sc and atomic number 21. It is a silvery-white metallic d-block element. Historically, it has been classified as a rare-earth element, [9] together with yttrium and the lanthanides. It was discovered in 1879 by spectral analysis of the minerals euxenite and gadolinite from Scandinavia. [10]
Naturally occurring scandium (21 Sc) is composed of one stable isotope, 45 Sc. Twenty-seven radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 46 Sc with a half-life of 83.8 days, 47 Sc with a half-life of 3.35 days, and 48 Sc with a half-life of 43.7 hours and 44 Sc with a half-life of 3.97 hours.
The most available element in group 3 is yttrium, with annual production of 8,900 tonnes in 2010. Yttrium is mostly produced as oxide, by a single country, China (99%). [75] Lutetium and scandium are also mostly obtained as oxides, and their annual production by 2001 was about 10 and 2 tonnes, respectively. [76]
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In all four halides, the scandium is 6-coordinated. They can be prepared by reacting scandium oxide or scandium hydroxide with the corresponding acid: [3] Sc(OH) 3 + 3 HX → ScX 3 + 3 H 2 O. The halides are Lewis acids; for example, ScF 3 dissolves in a solution containing excess fluoride ion to form [ScF 6] 3−. The coordination number 6 is ...
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Thortveitite is a rare mineral consisting of scandium yttrium silicate (Sc,Y) 2 Si 2 O 7. It is the primary source of scandium. [2] Occurrence is in granitic pegmatites. It was named after Olaus Thortveit, a Norwegian engineer. It is grayish-green, black or gray in color. [3] [4] [5] [6]