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Shoulder dystocia occurs after vaginal delivery of the head, when the baby's anterior shoulder is obstructed by the mother's pubic bone. [3] [1] It is typically diagnosed when the baby's shoulders fails to deliver despite gentle downward traction on the baby's head, requiring the need of special techniques to safely deliver the baby. [2]
Obstructed labour, also known as labour dystocia, is the baby not exiting the pelvis because it is physically blocked during childbirth although the uterus contracts normally. [2] Complications for the baby include not getting enough oxygen which may result in death. [ 1 ]
Obstetric injuries may occur from mechanical injury involving shoulder dystocia during difficult childbirth, [5] with a prevalence of 1 in 1000 births. [6] "The brachial plexus may be injured by falls from a height on to the side of the head and shoulder, whereby the nerves of the plexus are violently stretched.
Rubin's I and II maneuvers, rotational maneuver to deliver the baby in case of shoulder dystocia. [1] The Rubin's I maneuver is dislodging the anterior shoulder under pubic symphysis by adding suprapubic pressure while in the McRoberts' position. As a result, the bisacromial diameter is rotated from anteroposterior to oblique lie.
McRoberts maneuver (1) in combination with suprapubic pressure (2) The McRoberts maneuver is an obstetrical maneuver used to assist in childbirth.It is named after William A. McRoberts, Jr. [1] It is employed in case of shoulder dystocia during childbirth and involves hyperflexing the mother's legs tightly to her abdomen.
Use for shoulder dystocia is controversial. [ 5 ] Currently the procedure is rarely performed in developed countries, but is still performed in "rural areas and resource-poor settings of developing countries" [ 7 ] where caesarean sections are not available, or where obstetricians may not be available to deliver subsequent pregnancies. [ 8 ]
Erb's palsy is a paralysis of the arm caused by injury to the upper group of the arm's main nerves, specifically the severing of the upper trunk C5–C6 nerves. These form part of the brachial plexus, comprising the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5–C8 and thoracic nerve T1.
Wood's screw maneuver is practiced in obstetrics when dealing with shoulder dystocia – a condition in which the fetal shoulders cannot easily pass through the vagina.In this maneuver the anterior shoulder is pushed towards the baby's chest, and the posterior shoulder is pushed towards the baby's back, [1] making the baby's head somewhat face the mother's rectum.