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A chromophore is a molecule which absorbs light at a particular wavelength and reflects color as a result. Chromophores are commonly referred to as colored molecules for this reason. The word is derived from Ancient Greek χρῶμᾰ (chroma) 'color' and -φόρος (phoros) 'carrier of'.
Haem, for example, is a biochrome responsible for the red appearance of blood. It is found primarily in red blood cells (erythrocytes), which are generated in bone marrow throughout the life of an organism, rather than being formed during embryological development. Therefore, erythrocytes are not classified as chromatophores.
Examples include the hydroxyl (−OH), amino (−NH 2), aldehyde (−CHO), and methyl mercaptan groups (−SCH 3). [2] An auxochrome is a functional group of atoms with one or more lone pairs of electrons when attached to a chromophore, alters both the wavelength and intensity of absorption.
The retinal chromophore differs from the animal 11-cis form and is an all-trans retinal isomer at the ground state, which isomerizes to 13-cis upon light activation; the chromophore is also known as microbial-type chromophore. Examples are bacterial sensory rhodopsins, channelrhodopsins, bacteriorhodopsins, halorhodopsins, proteorhodopsins ...
The chromophore, with an amine functional group, is attached to the triazine, displacing one chloride: [citation needed] (NCCl) 3 + dye-NH 2 → N 3 C 3 Cl 2 (NHdye) + HCl The resulting dichlorotriazine can then be affixed to the cellulose fibre by displacement of one of the two chloride groups: [ citation needed ]
Two examples of carotenoids are lycopene and β-carotene. These molecules also absorb light most efficiently in the 400 – 500 nm range. Due to their absorption region, carotenoids appear red and yellow and provide most of the red and yellow colours present in fruits and flowers. The carotenoid molecules also serve a safeguarding function.
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In the case of the optical zero-phonon line, the position of the chromophore is the physical parameter that may be perturbed, whereas in the gamma transition, the momenta of the atoms may be changed. More technically, the key to the analogy is the symmetry between position and momentum in the Hamiltonian of the quantum harmonic oscillator .