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The risorius muscle is a highly variable muscle of facial expression. It has numerous and very variable origins, and inserts into the angle of the mouth. It receives motor innervation from branches of facial nerve (CN VII). It may be absent or asymmetrical in some people. It pulls the angle of the mouth sidewise, such as during smiling.
Botulinum toxin, or botulinum neurotoxin (commonly called botox), is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. [24] It prevents the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction, thus causing flaccid paralysis. [25]
The corrugator supercilii muscle acts upon the skin of the forehead superior to the middle of the supraorbital margin, [1] drawing the eyebrow inferomedially to produce vertical wrinkles of the forehead [3] just superior to the nose. [1] It is the "frowning" muscle, and may be regarded as the principal muscle in the expression of suffering. [4]
The facial muscles are just under the skin (subcutaneous) muscles that control facial expression. They generally originate from the surface of the skull bone (rarely the fascia), and insert on the skin of the face. When they contract, the skin moves. These muscles also cause wrinkles at right angles to the muscles’ action line. [2]
It is contributed to by at least nine muscles: orbicularis oris, buccinator, levator anguli oris, depressor anguli oris, zygomaticus major, zygomaticus minor, risorius, quadratus labii superioris, quadratus labii inferioris. [1] [2] Its position and movements are important in moving the mouth, facial expression and in prosthetic dentistry. It ...
Botulinum toxin is the most acutely lethal toxin that is known. It is produced by the bacterium clostridium botulinum.It acts inside nerve terminals by decreasing the release of acetylcholine, blocking neuromuscular transmission and thereby causing flaccid muscular paralysis.
Botox is formed by spores of the bacteria Clostridium botulinum, which is found naturally in sediments as well as the intestinal tracts of some animals and fish. The drug binds to receptors in skeletal muscle, nerve endings, the brain, and some smooth muscle, preventing the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
The SMAS is clinically important in facial plastic surgery for rhytidectomy (facelift procedure).During this procedure, the SMAS is accessed through an arch-shaped incision anterior to the ear; a portion of the SMAS is then excised and the remaining SMAS is stretched by drawing it posterior-ward and suturing it, thus making the skin of the face which overlies the SMAS taut.