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The requirement for a VFD was created by the Animal Drug Availability Act 1996 (P.L. 104-250). [1] Regulations related to the VFD are published by the FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine in 21 CFR 510, 514, and 558. [1] A VFD is required for any species of animal fed medicated feed containing a VFD drug; this law is not limited to livestock. [2]
Swimmer's ear should be treated with antibiotic eardrops, not oral antibiotics. [14] Sinusitis should not be treated with antibiotics because it is usually caused by a virus, and even when it is caused by a bacterium, antibiotics are not indicated except in atypical circumstances as it usually resolves without treatment. [15] Viral ...
A CDC infographic on how antibiotic-resistant bacteria have the potential to spread from farm animals. The use of antibiotics in the husbandry of livestock includes treatment when ill (therapeutic), treatment of a group of animals when at least one is diagnosed with clinical infection (metaphylaxis [1]), and preventative treatment (prophylaxis).
Farmers typically use antibiotics in animal feed to improve growth rates and prevent infections. However, this is illogical as antibiotics are used to treat infections and not prevent infections. 80% of antibiotic use in the U.S. is for agricultural purposes and about 70% of these are medically important. [59]
In viruses, an equivalent "cost" is genomic complexity. The high metabolic cost means that, in the absence of antibiotics, a resistant pathogen will have decreased evolutionary fitness as compared to susceptible pathogens. [36] This is one of the reasons drug resistance adaptations are rarely seen in environments where antibiotics are absent.
It is necessary to develop new antibiotics over time since the selection of resistant bacteria cannot be prevented completely. This means with every application of a specific antibiotic, the survival of a few bacteria which already have a resistance gene against the substance is promoted, and the concerning bacterial population amplifies.
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Antibiotics used in combination may also be antagonistic and the combined effects of the two antibiotics may be less than if one of the antibiotics was given as a monotherapy. [71] For example, chloramphenicol and tetracyclines are antagonists to penicillins. However, this can vary depending on the species of bacteria. [74]