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The centre of the buffer on European railway vehicles must be between 940 and 1,065 mm above the top of rail. Spain was an exception for a long time. A buffer separation of 1,950 mm was specified there because of the force transmitted to the longitudinal beams of the wagons, which are further apart due to their broad gauge railways.
Narrow gauge flat wagons, 750 mm (2 ft 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 in).Note the single buffer with a hook on the right side and a chain on the other. On some narrow-gauge lines in Europe, and on the Paris Metro, a simplified version of the loose-coupler is used, consisting of a single central buffer with a chain underneath.
Johnston link-and-pin from 1873 to 1927 on Cape gauge, from 1906 on 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge in Natal. [23] [24] Bell-and-hook from 1902 on 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge in the Cape of Good Hope. [24] [25] AAR knuckle wide use from 1927 on Cape gauge. The first application of these couplers in what is now South Africa was in 1904 by the ultra ...
The balance lever coupling, also central buffer coupling with two screw coupling, is a coupler commonly used on narrow gauge railroads with tight curves. By swapping the pulling and pushing devices, the standard screw coupling used on standard gauge railroads became a center buffer coupling with one screw coupling on each side of the buffer.
A narrow-gauge railway (narrow-gauge railroad in the US) is a railway with a track gauge narrower than 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) standard gauge. Most narrow-gauge railways are between 600 mm ( 1 ft 11 + 5 ⁄ 8 in ) and 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ).
Locomotive 99 1746 of the Weisseritz Valley Railway in Germany TU8 diesel locomotive in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia 750 mm ( 2 ft 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) narrow-gauge railways are very similar to 760 mm ( 2 ft 5 + 15 ⁄ 16 in ) and 2 ft 6 in ( 762 mm ) gauge. 750 mm gauge rolling stock is almost compatible with 760 and 762 mm railways.
The diagram from Beard's 1897 coupler patent [1]. Janney couplers were first patented in 1873 by Eli H. Janney (U.S. patent 138,405). [2] [3] Andrew Jackson Beard was amongst various inventors that made a multitude of improvements to the knuckle coupler; [1] Beard's patents were U.S. patent 594,059 granted 23 November 1897, which then sold for approximately $50,000, and U.S. patent 624,901 ...
The Norwegian coupling was developed in Norway about 1870, when the main railway network was built to 1067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow gauge. During the 20th century, these lines were rebuilt to 1435 mm (4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) standard gauge or closed. Since the rolling stock needed to be replaced, a change was made to buffers and chain couplers.