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Heat-affected zone around a weld. In fusion welding, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) is the area of base material, either a metal or a thermoplastic, which is not melted but has had its microstructure and properties altered by welding or heat intensive cutting operations. The heat from the welding process and subsequent re-cooling causes this ...
Fusion welding is a generic term for welding processes that rely on melting to join materials of similar compositions and melting points. [1] Due to the high-temperature phase transitions inherent to these processes, a heat-affected zone is created in the material [ 1 ] : 755 (although some techniques, like beam welding , often minimize this ...
Also, post weld heat treatment (PWHT) will release any residual stresses on the weld joint. Hardness of weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ): Hardness is correlated with the brittleness of the material. To reduce excessive hardness, preheating and PWHT can be applied to the object. Hardness values below 350 VHN have less tendency to crack. [10]
The properties of the fusion zone depend primarily on the filler metal used, and its compatibility with the base materials. It is surrounded by the heat-affected zone, the area that had its microstructure and properties altered by the weld. These properties depend on the base material's behavior when subjected to heat. The metal in this area is ...
The oldest welding process in the world. Oxides must be removed by flux or flames. Damascus steel: Friction welding: 42: FRW Thin heat affected zone, oxides disrupted by friction, needs sufficient pressure Aerospace industry, railway, land transport Friction stir welding: 43: FSW A rotating non-consumable tool is traversed along the joint line
Friction welding (FWR) is a solid-state welding and bonding process that generates heat through mechanical friction between workpieces in relative motion to one another. The process is used with the addition of a lateral force called "upset" to plastically displace and fuse the materials. [ 1 ]
Hydrogen embrittlement is a high risk under all conditions for HY-80 and falls into zone 3 for the AWS method. [19] HAC/HIC can occur in either the Fusion Zone or the Heat Affected Zone. [20] As mentioned previously the HAZ and FZ are both susceptible to the formation of martensite and thus are at risk for HAC/HIC.
During the welding process, residual stresses can present themselves in the area of the weld, either in the heat affected zone or fusion zone. The mean stress a welded joint may see in application, can be altered due to the welding processes implementing residual stresses, changing the fatigue life and can render S-N laboratory testing results. [2]