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In summary, the second chapter of the Bhagavad Gita, Samkhya Yoga, is a profound discourse on the nature of the self, the importance of selfless action, and the path to spiritual enlightenment. Krishna teaches Arjuna to transcend the dualities of life, cultivate detachment, and embrace a disciplined and balanced approach to challenges.
The text begins with a chapter describing the benefits of the wish to reach enlightenment. [2] The sixth chapter, on the perfection of patient endurance ( Skt. kṣānti ), strongly criticizes anger and has been the subject of recent commentaries by Robert Thurman [ 3 ] and the fourteenth Dalai Lama . [ 4 ]
In Hindu traditions, moksha is a central concept [6] and the utmost aim of human life; the other three aims are dharma (virtuous, proper, moral life), artha (material prosperity, income security, means of life), and kama (pleasure, sensuality, emotional fulfillment). [7] Together, these four concepts are called Puruṣārtha in Hinduism. [8]
The systematic presentation of Hindu monotheism as divided into these four paths or "Yogas" is modern, advocated by Swami Vivekananda from the 1890s in his book Raja Yoga. [3] [4] They are presented as four paths to God suitable for four human temperaments, viz. the active, the emotional, the philosophical and the mystic. [5]
Classical yoga emphasizes the practice of dhyana (meditation), and this is an element of all three classical paths in Hinduism, including jñāna yoga. [ 5 ] [ 16 ] In the Bhagavad Gita, jnana is equated with samkhya (yoga), the discernment of purusha , pure consciousness, as different from prakriti , matter and material desires.
Advaita Vedanta is a Hindu sādhanā, a path of spiritual discipline and experience, [note 3] and states that moksha (liberation from 'suffering' and rebirth) [9] [10] is attained through knowledge of Brahman, recognizing the illusoriness of the phenomenal world and disidentification from the body-mind complex and the notion of 'doership ...
In section 3 of chapter 2, the text questions the value of rituals to spiritual enlightenment, as well as the need for a cloister and life in a forest. These verses, states Patrick Olivelle, summarize the reasons why Advaita Vedanta tradition abandoned rituals, and redefined what solitude and path to self-knowledge means:
Bronze statue representing the discourse of Bhagavan Krishna and Arjuna, in Kurukshetra. Karma yoga (Sanskrit: कर्म योग), also called Karma marga, is one of the three classical spiritual paths mentioned in the Bhagavad Gita, one based on the "yoga of action", [1] the others being Jnana yoga (path of knowledge) and Bhakti yoga (path of loving devotion to a personal god).