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An example of punishment may include beatings (positive punishment), and taking away something desired or loved (negative punishment). The effectiveness and value of a consequence are determined by the motivating operations the organism has. For example, deprivation of food can make food more effective as a consequence, and the satiation of ...
In linguistics, telicity (/ t iː ˈ l ɪ s ɪ t i /; from Greek τέλος 'end, goal') is the property of a verb or verb phrase that presents an action or event as having a specific endpoint. A verb or verb phrase with this property is said to be telic; if the situation it describes is not heading for any particular endpoint, it is said to be ...
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the scientific method: . Scientific method – body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge.
A system is said to be observable if, for every possible evolution of state and control vectors, the current state can be estimated using only the information from outputs (physically, this generally corresponds to information obtained by sensors). In other words, one can determine the behavior of the entire system from the system's outputs.
An example of operationally defining personal space. [ 1 ] In research design , especially in psychology , social sciences , life sciences and physics , operationalization or operationalisation is a process of defining the measurement of a phenomenon which is not directly measurable , though its existence is inferred from other phenomena.
In physics, an observable is a physical property or physical quantity that can be measured. In classical mechanics , an observable is a real -valued "function" on the set of all possible system states, e.g., position and momentum .
Many observable variables can be aggregated in a model to represent an underlying concept, making it easier to understand the data. In this sense, they serve a function similar to that of scientific theories. At the same time, latent variables link observable "sub-symbolic" data in the real world to symbolic data in the modeled world.
For example, if the dimension of the state space is greater than the dimension of the output, then there will be a set of possible state configurations for each individual output. That is, the system can have significant zero dynamics, which are trajectories of the system that are not observable from the output. Consequently, being able to ...