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For example, the number of times a given polynomial has a root at a given point is the multiplicity of that root. The notion of multiplicity is important to be able to count correctly without specifying exceptions (for example, double roots counted twice). Hence the expression, "counted with multiplicity".
Solving an equation f(x) = g(x) is the same as finding the roots of the function h(x) = f(x) – g(x). Thus root-finding algorithms can be used to solve any equation of continuous functions. However, most root-finding algorithms do not guarantee that they will find all roots of a function, and if such an algorithm does not find any root, that ...
Given a polynomial of ... which is called the multiplicity of a as a root of P. ... Determining the roots of polynomials, or "solving algebraic equations", is among ...
A method by Zhonggang Zeng (2004), implemented as a MATLAB package, computes multiple roots and corresponding multiplicities of a polynomial accurately even if the coefficients are inexact. [3] [4] [5] The method can be summarized in two steps. Let be the given polynomial.
One may also use Newton's method to solve systems of k equations, which amounts to finding the (simultaneous) zeroes of k continuously differentiable functions :. This is equivalent to finding the zeroes of a single vector-valued function F : R k → R k . {\displaystyle F:\mathbb {R} ^{k}\to \mathbb {R} ^{k}.}
A method similar to Vieta's formula can be found in the work of the 12th century Arabic mathematician Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi. It is plausible that the algebraic advancements made by Arabic mathematicians such as al-Khayyam, al-Tusi, and al-Kashi influenced 16th-century algebraists, with Vieta being the most prominent among them.
As R is a homogeneous polynomial in two indeterminates, the fundamental theorem of algebra implies that R is a product of pq linear polynomials. If one defines the multiplicity of a common zero of P and Q as the number of occurrences of the corresponding factor in the product, Bézout's theorem is thus proved.
The solutions of this system are obtained by solving the first univariate equation, substituting the solutions in the other equations, then solving the second equation which is now univariate, and so on. The definition of regular chains implies that the univariate equation obtained from f i has degree d i and thus that the system has d 1...