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  2. Intention-to-treat analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intention-to-treat_analysis

    Randomized clinical trials analyzed by the intention-to-treat (ITT) approach provide unbiased comparisons among the treatment groups. Intention to treat analyses are done to avoid the effects of crossover and dropout, which may break the random assignment to the treatment groups in a study. ITT analysis provides information about the potential ...

  3. Analysis of clinical trials - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_clinical_trials

    However, by restricting the analysis to a selected patient population, it does not show all effects of the new drug. Further, adherence to treatment may be affected by other factors that influence the outcome. Accordingly, per-protocol effects are at risk of bias, whereas the intent-to-treat estimate is not. [7]

  4. Clinical significance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_significance

    In broad usage, the "practical clinical significance" answers the question, how effective is the intervention or treatment, or how much change does the treatment cause. In terms of testing clinical treatments, practical significance optimally yields quantified information about the importance of a finding, using metrics such as effect size, number needed to treat (NNT), and preventive fraction ...

  5. Number needed to treat - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_needed_to_treat

    The number needed to treat (NNT) or number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) is an epidemiological measure used in communicating the effectiveness of a health-care intervention, typically a treatment with medication. The NNT is the average number of patients who need to be treated to prevent one additional bad outcome.

  6. CHA2DS2–VASc score - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHA2DS2–VASc_score

    If the patient is 'low risk' using the CHA 2 DS 2-VASc score (that is, 0 in males or 1 in females), no anticoagulant therapy is recommended. In males with 1 stroke risk factor (that is, a CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score=1), antithrombotic therapy with OAC may be considered, and people's values and preferences should be considered. [ 28 ]

  7. Pragmatic clinical trial - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatic_clinical_trial

    A pragmatic clinical trial (PCT), sometimes called a practical clinical trial (PCT), [1] is a clinical trial that focuses on correlation between treatments and outcomes in real-world health system practice rather than focusing on proving causative explanations for outcomes, which requires extensive deconfounding with inclusion and exclusion criteria so strict that they risk rendering the trial ...

  8. Adaptive design (medicine) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_design_(medicine)

    I-SPY 2 was designed to explore the hypothesis that different combinations of cancer therapies have varying degrees of success for different patients. Conventional clinical trials that evaluate post-surgical tumor response require a separate trial with long intervals and large populations to test each combination.

  9. Clinical decision support system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_decision_support...

    For example, an electronic evidence-based medicine system may potentially consider a patient's symptoms, medical history, family history and genetics, as well as historical and geographical trends of disease occurrence, and published clinical data on therapeutic effectiveness when recommending a patient's course of treatment.