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The Bundestag, Germany's parliament, was elected according to the principle of mixed member proportional representation until the reforms of 2023 which introduced the Zweitstimmendeckung, essentially making it a party-list proportional system with a degree of localization.
The seat linkage compensatory mixed system often referred to as MMP originates in Germany, and was later adopted with modifications under the name of MMP in New Zealand.In Germany, where it was differentiated from a different compensatory mixed system it was always known as personalized proportional representation (PPR) (German: personalisiertes Verhältniswahlrecht).
Under Germany's mixed member proportional system of election, the Bundestag has 299 constituencies (Wahlkreise (German: [ˈvaːlˌkʁaɪ̯zə] ⓘ), electoral districts), each of which may elect one member of the Bundestag by first-past-the-post voting (a plurality of votes).
Germany uses the mixed-member proportional representation system, a system of proportional representation combined with elements of first-past-the-post voting. The Bundestag has 598 nominal members, elected for a four-year term; these seats are distributed between the sixteen German states in proportion to the states' population eligible to vote.
Proportional representation (PR) refers to any electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. [1] The concept applies mainly to political divisions (political parties) among voters. The aim of such systems is that all votes cast contribute to the result so that each representative in ...
Party-list proportional representation: Germany: President: Head of State Elected by the Bundestag and State delegates Bundesrat: Upper chamber of legislature Elected by State Governments Bundestag: Lower chamber of legislature Mixed-member proportional representation: Greece: President: Head of State Elected by the Hellenic Parliament ...
This entitled them to proportional representation in the Bundestag according to their second votes. [30] The extra compensation seats for other parties meant that the Bundestag would be the largest in German history, and in fact the largest freely elected parliament in the world, with 736 MPs. [31]
Poster for the European Parliament election 2004 in Italy, showing party lists. Party-list proportional representation (list-PR) is a system of proportional representation based on preregistered political parties, with each party being allocated a certain number of seats roughly proportional to their share of the vote.