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Empress Dowager Cixi (Mandarin pronunciation: [tsʰɹ̩̌.ɕì]; 29 November 1835 – 15 November 1908) was a Manchu noblewoman of the Yehe Nara clan who effectively but periodically controlled the Chinese government in the late Qing dynasty as empress dowager and regent for almost 50 years, from 1861 until her death in 1908.
Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China is a 2013 biography written by Jung Chang, published by Alfred A. Knopf. Chang presents a sympathetic portrait of the Empress Dowager Cixi, who unofficially controlled the Manchu Qing dynasty in China for 47 years, from 1861 to her death in 1908. Chang argues that Cixi has been ...
By the time of the death of the Xianfeng Emperor, Empress Dowager Cixi had become a shrewd political strategist. In Rehe Province, while waiting for an astrologically favourable time to transport the emperor's coffin back to Beijing, Cixi conspired with court officials and imperial relatives to seize power. Cixi's position as the lower-ranked ...
After 1861, she held the title of Mother Empress, Empress Dowager Ci'an. [2] Her posthumous title was Empress Xiaozhenxian. [3] Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908), Yehe-Nara Xingzhen (杏贞). The highest title she held during the Xianfeng era was Noble Consort Yi (懿贵妃). [4] From 1861 to 1908, she held the title of Holy Mother, Empress ...
Among the four, the Beiyang Fleet was particularly sponsored by Li Hongzhang, one of the most trusted vassals of Empress Dowager Cixi and the principal patron of the "self-strengthening movement" in northern China in his capacity as the Viceroy of Zhili and the Minister of Beiyang Commerce (北洋通商大臣).
These sources are about Empress Dowager Cixi but Empress Dowager Ci'an is mentioned in them as well: Bland, John Otway Percy; Backhouse, Edmund (1912). China Under the Empress Dowager: Being the History of the Life and Times of Tzu Hsi, Compiled from State Papers and the Private Diary of the Comptroller of Her Household. J.B. Lippincott.
When a memorial to the throne argues for replacing the regency, the empresses dowager secretly hide it as they believe the time is not right. On the other hand, the regency rejects the empresses dowager's suggestion to appoint a teacher for the young emperor. Although Ci'an tries to avoid direct confrontations, Cixi maintains they must not give in.
Li was among those suspected of poisoning the Guangxu Emperor, who died in 1908 one day before Cixi's death. Other suspects included general Yuan Shikai and Empress Cixi. [2] Li requested permission from Empress Dowager Longyu to retire after the death of Empress Dowager Cixi in 1908. Longyu approved his request and allowed him to return home ...