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To induce general anesthesia, propofol is the drug used almost exclusively, having largely replaced sodium thiopental. [13]It is often administered as part of an anesthesia maintenance technique called total intravenous anesthesia, using either manually programmed infusion pumps or computer-controlled infusion pumps in a process called target controlled infusion (TCI).
Fospropofol is metabolized in the liver by alkaline phosphatases to propofol, formaldehyde, and phosphate.The hepatic metabolism of this prodrug to an active metabolite means that peak plasma levels of propofol after the administration of a bolus of fospropofol are lower than for an equipotent dose of propofol and also that its clinical effect is more sustained.
Ciprofol (also known as cipepofol, or HSK3486) is a novel 2,6-disubstituted phenol derivative that is used for the intravenous induction of general anesthesia. [1] [2] A short-acting and highly selective γ-aminobutyric acid agonist, [3] ciprofol is 4–6 times more potent than other phenol derivatives such as propofol or fospropofol.
Sodium thiopental is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate and has been used commonly in the induction phase of general anesthesia.Its use has been largely replaced with that of propofol, but may retain some popularity as an induction agent for rapid-sequence induction and intubation, such as in obstetrics. [12]
Addicts hear the abstinence message from all corners, and many just stop taking medication because of it. According to Dr. Kreek, roughly 25 percent of methadone patients drop out over the course of the first year, and that’s with good counseling and proper dosing. Other studies show that the rate of methadone dropouts can be higher.
Drug nomenclature is the systematic naming of drugs, especially pharmaceutical drugs.In the majority of circumstances, drugs have 3 types of names: chemical names, the most important of which is the IUPAC name; generic or nonproprietary names, the most important of which are international nonproprietary names (INNs); and trade names, which are brand names. [1]
For the first time in two decades, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a new class of medication that provides an alternative to addictive opioids for patients looking to manage ...
Psychotomimetic effects limit the acceptance of ketamine; however, lamotrigine [38] and nimodipine [39] decrease psychotomimetic effects and can also be counteracted by benzodiazepines or propofol administration. [40] Ketofol is a combination of ketamine and propofol.